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What is nonce in blockchain? 📖
An abbreviation for “number used only once” or “number once”, a nonce is a random or as some argue, a semi-random value, which is used to ease the cryptographic communication process. It is also used for the authentication of cryptographic hash functions which is why it is sometimes referred to as a cryptographic nonce.
In a blockchain, a block consists of four important pieces of information – transaction data, nonce, the hash value (an alphanumeric value that is used to identify a block) of the current block, and the hash value of the previous block. Nonce can only be used once.
How does nonce in blockchain help?
Let us break down the workings of a nonce so that you have an adequate understanding of what this randomly generated number does.
All the blockchains in the world today work on a specific consensus mechanism. There are two main consensus mechanisms – Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS).
When it comes to the nonce, PoS does not have anything to do with it. Nonce is generated in those blockchains that support a PoW consensus system.
In a PoW consensus system, miners who are individuals responsible for verifying transactions by solving complex mathematical problems select a nonce value. This is done to use this value as a base for a hashing algorithm which is used to authenticate data.
Now, you may wonder that if it’s about selecting a random number, any person who is good with numbers and mathematical methods will be able to solve this in a second.
Well, there’s a catch. The miners in a PoW consensus mechanism are given a target that either has 2 leading zeroes or 3 leading zeroes and it is revised after every 2016th block.
So, when the random value, that is nonce as a 32-bit number, is put through the hashing algorithm, the resultant number must abide by a certain difficulty level or target value specified by the blockchain in order to be approved.
In one line, the function of a nonce is to be used as a base or as an anchor to generate a hash value for a particular block in a blockchain. The miners, thus, must crack the nonce in order to generate a hash value that will eventually become the identity of a block. This is what a nonce means in crypto and also how it helps a blockchain.
Nonce in layman’s terms
In layman’s terms, a nonce can be defined as a random number used only once. This random number is used in different computer systems of which cryptography is an integral part.
When it comes to a specific block of a blockchain, this randomly generated value that we call nonce is combined with a hashing algorithm that takes input data and generates a fixed and immutable number that we call hash. Hash is a unique number that serves as the identity of a block in a blockchain.
Once a miner has cracked the nonce value, they would put all the data of a block which includes the number of transactions, timestamps, etc. into the hashing algorithm along with the nonce value. The result of this will be the value that must meet a specific threshold which is the difficulty level in a blockchain.
Importance of nonce in blockchain
By now, you must have had some idea of the sheer importance of nonce and how big of a role it plays in a PoW blockchain. Here is a breakdown of some more important features of a nonce value.
- Nonce helps create an immutable, tamper-proof ledger in a blockchain.
- Double-spending is a big threat in the blockchain which can potentially jeopardize a chain of blocks. Therefore, nonce also helps prevent such attacks.
- Blockchain is essentially a decentralized system. To make sure that it is fair in its workings and outcomes, all the miners have equal chances of finding a nonce value. This way, they also protect the essence of a blockchain – its transactions.
- Finding nonce is a rigorous process. Only those who are sincere and up for the challenge are given the opportunity to generate a nonce value.
Can I generate a nonce value in blockchain?
While it is a little difficult to say who can generate a nonce value and who cannot, it is important to understand the basic steps that one must follow in order to crack the puzzle and generate a valid nonce.
Step 1
The very first step involves selecting a block of unconfirmed transactions.
Step 2
Once the miner has chosen a block, they are required to create a block header that includes the hash of the previous block, the timestamp of the new block, and the number of selected transactions in the form of a list.
Step 3
The miner then selects a random number and puts it through a hashing algorithm. This will generate a hash value.
Step 4
Now, if this value meets the difficulty criterion or the target threshold, the block is approved but if it does not then the miner will have to keep trying.
Nonce-related attacks to be aware of
Like anything in the world, nonce values are also not immune from being attacked by hackers. Here is a list of nonce-related attacks that you must keep in mind and take necessary precautions against.
1. Reusing the nonce
This happens when an attacker, an imposter, or a hacker uses the same nonce value as a legitimate user to verify a block, disrupting the whole blockchain. Nonce can not be used the second time. The hackers and attackers who reuse the nonce value steal the data and make it readily available online, jeopardizing the security and identities of the users.
2. Impersonating the legitimate user
In this particular case, a hacker or an attacker would wait and try different nonce values to generate a solid hash value. Once they have found a nonce that generates the same hash value as someone with a slightly different nonce value, they would impersonate the legitimate user and pretend to be them.
3. The researcher’s punch
This particular attack requires a lot of extensive and in-depth research. In this case, a hacker would try different combinations of nonces unless they have found a valid value. This is not too common an attack because it is both expensive and requires a lot of brain drain.
4. Passing the nonce
This is an interesting case. In this attack, a hacker would intervene between a process of a nonce value and would quickly slide in their own generated nonce value which would lead to the block being verified to their name and not the original user’s name.
In conclusion, a nonce is an essential element in cryptographic protocols that helps to ensure security and prevent various types of attacks.
Here’s pretty much what a nonce is in a blockchain. Do check out some of our blogs below!